Z-scan method for nonlinear saturation intensity determination, using focused intense laser beams

We describe a method for determining saturation peak intensities of nonlinear intense field processes. The Z-scan method takes advantage of the balance between nonlinear response and interaction volume change as an intense laser pulse is focused onto a sample. We derive a robust geometric factor, directly relating the peak intensity at optimal target displacement from the focal plane and the corresponding saturation intensity. The Z-scan method allows obtaining saturation intensities with no need of a priori assumptions about the nonlinear process; surprisingly even for unfavorable finite depth samples. The method is demonstrated experimentally for an intense laser pulse interaction with molecular anions.